To begin with, agree on terms. Often used the two terms with similar meaning: "montage" and "collage". Entries of both words tell much of a muchness. Sometimes there are opinions that the photomontage - a connection of fragments of different shots with the help of glue, and collage - is a composite image made in a graphics editor. I like the "historical" version according to which between the terms it makes no difference, but ideological. Version states that the first Cubists, Dadaists and other bourgeois artists invented collage technique, but in response to Soviet Russia was created assembly - art work created by artists-proletarians, that is, "fitters." It turns out that the installation - this is our, own, and collage - a dubious overseas thing, the very name of which has penetrated into the Russian language only with the Khrushchev thaw. So, every time, meeting in this text the word "assembly", native soil may be mentally rubbing his hands, and Westerners - mentally replace it with "collage" without any loss of meaning.
The paper will discuss the creation of combined techniques of images using only photography means, without the help of graphic editors. Composite images can be obtained at different stages of photo process. You can use multipechat - multiple exposure photo. For information about this approach is contained in Article Anna Ostanina "Fundamentals of Photoshop. Multipechat. "Can be installed as Klutsis, Rodchenko, El Lissitzky, and - armed with scissors and glue, hack, fasten. For example, does so well-known cinematographer Christopher Doyle in his spare time. Finally, you can combine images while shooting. Consider some of these techniques:
1) repeated exposure to the rotation and masking;
2) shooting through a prism;
3) shooting from the mirage-filter.
The total of these techniques capture that with their help, mounted an image recorded on film or in the "source file-RAWe". Technique is most conveniently applied to cells, allowing sight through the lens. In this case, you can control the effect of using a filter or mask. Applicability of the first technique is limited by the presence of additional in-camera multiple exposures regime.
Repeated exposure to the rotation and masking
The first method adds the use of the mask method of repeated exposure to the rotation of which is told at published article, "Kaleidoscope." The mask can be any opaque material blocking the image. You can cut a mask out of construction paper and fixed on the lens with the frame of the filter. You can use a special set of masks offered by Cokin. Can be masked by a special filter "double image" (dual-image, here in after referred to as CI) filter.
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| Illustration 1.1. Dual-image filter |
Typically, DI-filter - this glass, half of which is blackened, fortified by a rotating bezel. Kokinovsky CI-filter is a mask made of plastic. Most often, DI filters are used to create images "lzhebliznetsov" in which the same person is present on both sides of the image.
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| Illustration 1.2. The picture with the effect of dual-image |
Technique to achieve such an effect is as follows:
1) The camera is put multiple exposures on a tripod and set to make his immobility and, therefore, the coincidence of points and angles of shooting two exposures.
2) makes the first exposure, in which the mask covers the right side of the image.
3) The scene made the necessary changes.
4) The mask is rotated 180 degrees, and the second exposure is done when the mask covers the left side of the image.
If you do not change the scene and not just to rotate the mask, but the camera will kaleidoscopic image.
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| Illustration 1.3. House and bread |
, Cokin Double Mask 2
, Cokin Creative Mask
. The third set gives the opportunity to make a set of complementary masks the desired shape. |
| Illustration 1.4. masks Cokin |
If you are lucky and you bought two CI-filter of the same diameter, then twisting them together, you can make a "N-filter image." Turn the filter twisted relative to each other, you can get a mask, which will be transparent sector with an angle from 0 to 180 degrees. Leaving the sector of 60 degrees, you get a mask for the six-time exposure, in 90 - to quadruple, etc. Keep in mind that some manufacturers, such as Marumi, under the guise of a DI filter strive to foist a set of two filters. In the sets, got me, DI-filters were combined with neutral gray filters. Grey filter in this case should unscrew.Before discussing the techniques of shooting, we consider analogues "N-image filter." As such can be considered products: Lomo LC-A + Splitzer, Diana + Splitzer mask and Vivitar, the exact name of which I could not be determined. All these masks are composed of two parts. The first part of the mask covers half revolution, the second - less than half revolution. Lomograficheskie masks (LC-A + Splitzer, Diana + Splitzer) can leave the sector from about 20 to about 180 degrees, the mask Vivitar - from 90 to 180. All three masks is no thread to attach to the lens. Mask for LC-A attached to the body of the camera. Diana + lens on no carving, mask tightly fits over the lens. Vivitar I dug into a pile in one of fotobarahla komissionok but priladit him to take my hands are never reached.
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| Illustration 1.5. Splitzery |
Let us turn to the methods of capture via double DI filters. At the outset it is desirable to consider the marks on the rim of CI-filters (the markup describes the frames CI filter Marumi). Triangle marked line, which marks the boundary between transparent and opaque parts of the mask. The points marked the boundaries of six sectors of 60 degrees. If you plan to use a mask with the sector in 90 or 72 degrees, should be left on the rim of the filter an additional label, scratches, indicating the boundaries of sectors.
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| Illustration 1.6. The position marks on the rim when shooting through a double DI-filter |
At the beginning of shooting the camera to translate multiple exposures. Shooting in manual mode, the parameters of exposure were the same. Aperture set to small values (less than 5.6). For large values of the risk that the boundaries of the mask are displayed in the picture. Turn filters relative to each other leaving the desired sector. Rotation of the resulting masks are making to the Gaza coincided with the marks on the rim. Can be achieved at the same time coincide with the median vertical axis of the frame. At the same marks on the frame will occupy the positions indicated in the previous illustration. Click on the descent. We remember what he saw through the mask. Pivoted to the mask to the next mark on the rim. Pivoted to the camera so that the image was the same as that for the first exposure. Click on the descent. Repeat until proeksponiruem until the entire frame.
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| Illustration 1.7. Kitezh |
If you forget to disable broach the film, you get something like shown below.
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| Illustration 1.8. Scan a piece of film |
Two stranded DI-filter frames have a width greater than 2 cm and give a strong vignetting. Struggling with it, it is desirable to choose when buying a filter with a larger diameter, for example, 77mm and use them on the lenses with a small diameter front lens. If you can not overcome the vignette, it is possible to adapt for the benefit of the case. You can see that because of his image round some photographs. The reason - shooting through the diagonal "fish eye" with a focal length of 15mm, which di-filters reinforced by a ring that is worn on the built-in lens hood.
Shooting Through The Prism
The second method is to combine several images of the same story with the help of a prism. Manufacturers offer a variety of amateurs prismatic filters differ in the number of faces and their locations. There are so-called parallel prism faces and in which, respectively, generated by the images they are arranged in parallel with some shift.
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| Figure 2.1. Parallel prism Hoya Multivision 3PF |
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| Illustration 2.2. Residential buildings in the center of Astana |
In another kind of prismatic filters (sectional or radial prisms) of the boundary faces lie on the radii, and the images are arranged in a circle. Several sectional images of peripheral prism in addition to give another in the center of the frame. Examples of sectional prism can be found in the online exhibition "Fototektonika."
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| Illustration 2.3. Defense 12. From the series "Fototektonika" |
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| Illustration 2.4. Cokin P204 cell prism |
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| Illustration 2.5. experience Newton |
Manufacturers of filters are a trick to smooth out the flaw said prisms. Buyers are offered a colorful prism, or sets, consisting of prisms and multi-color filter, which colors every image produced by a prism of color. Below you can see what it looks like RGB-set with a 3-cell prism firm Hoya.
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| Illustration 2.6. Hoya Color Multivision 3F |
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| Illustration 2.7. Hoya Tri Color-Para |
The second council, which should take into account the concerns of iris control. As a rule, single lens reflex camera is carried out in the open sight of the diaphragm, which is why the image seen before shooting is different from the outcome. Therefore it is necessary to use the repeater diaphragm, which allows to close the aperture in sight. Of the aperture changes the form of areas of the frame in which the images created by a prism border each other. Established that the strongly closed iris makes the border more visible faces of the prism. Therefore, we recommend no more than the number of diaphragm 4.
Third, what will have to deal with - is that the prism can bring focus with the mind. I recommend direct to sharpen by hand and on SLR cameras use this repeater in the diaphragm.
Also pay attention to the width of frames prismatic filters. It is large enough so that relevant recommendations from the previous section - take the lens with a diameter larger than the lens - a smaller one. For nikonistov good choice might be the lens and AF Nikkor 28/2.8 AF Nikkor 35/2.0, whose diameter filter thread is 52mm. For fixing the prismatic filter them using transient increase of the ring.
What matters is the lens focal length. For example, at 300mm on a picture will get only one central image, and created multiprizmoy peripheral image will be outside the frame. On the small focal distance will be noticeable imbalance size of the central and peripheral images. Recommended for use with prism lenses with focal lengths from 28mm to 80mm.
Special mention deserves prism Cokin P219. It looks like a piece of polished Plexiglass, flanked by two pieces of foam glued. Fix the holder in the lens can be, but to fully use it, you need a modular hood P255. This valuable information can be obtained only from the picture on the box with a prism or of an illustration to the article, Vladimir Rodionov, "Entertaining spectroscopy." Prism held pieces of foam inside the hood, at the same time, you can change its position and get this, depending on the different effects.
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| Illustration 2.8. Prism and lens hood Cokin P219 Cokin P255 |
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| Figure 2.9. Marly shaft |
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| Illustration 2.10. Moscow City |
Originally entered the St. Petersburg photographer Alexander Smirnov. He reinforced the multifaceted lens of a small souvenir from the museum on the protective filter. The exhibition of the resulting photographic series "conditioned reflex" was held "FotoDepartament" in 2008.
Among the photographers engaged in installation when shooting, you can specify Alvin Langdon Coburn. In books on the history of photography can be found information that he invented with vortoskopa - optical device that can be connected to fotoappraratu, Coburn made a few dozen shots, vortografy. These include portraits of Ezra Pound (1, 2). Supposedly before his death, Coburn gave it to the Royal Photographic
Society of Britain. But in the archives of the society, this gift does not appear. The instrument mysteriously disappeared. What has remained reliable descriptions of the device. Hypotheses about vortoscope apply very different. Someone thinks that vortoscope was made of three mirrors are connected to obtain the effect of the prism. Another version claims that vortoscope - not the instrument, but an idea or a creative method. The mention of mirrors gives rise to the third reception photography, declared at the outset.Shooting with the mirage-filterMirage filter Cokin Mirage A220 - this is not a filter in the truest sense of the word, because it is not transparent object. This mirror, mounted on plastic base that allows the filter to keep two fingers. It is not only a tool for Photoshop, but can also serve as a mirror to shave (or applying make-up, if you think about beautiful half is a keen photographer.)
Several recommendations for dealing with mirage filter. The surface of the mirror is easily scratched, but this does not affect the image. If you are afraid to scratch the lens, use a barrier (or any other) filter. That the boundaries of the mirror does not fall into the frame, you need to pick up the lens with a suitable viewing angle and a sufficiently small size front lens. "The coin" is fine. My experience is that mirage-filter fits well with the AF Nikkor 35/2.0.When shooting with a mirage-filter, be aware that you may need sharpening on both images - and the normal, and reflected on. Usually items that are visible directly through the lens, and reflected in a mirror, are at different distances from the photographer. This should be remembered, controlling borders of field. It is safest to sharpen induced by hand, to shoot in aperture priority mode, use repeater for single lens SLR.Cokin - the only manufacturer I know of such filters. If you can not find the A220 on sale, you can try any other mirror of suitable size.
The article does not purport to be an exhaustive statement of all the installation technician. The main goal is to publish my own experience, gained over the last five years. It so happened that the considered techniques require the use of optical means, but it does not mean that all other tools and techniques should not be used, and demonstrated that the results can be obtained only by specified means. Errors which may appear in this text, in good faith and are not trying to bring down evil intent reader confused. Specific filters and lenses are not for the sake of their advancement in the market. They are referred to as the means by which to carry out filming.
Written by Victor Malyshko